In these cases, light interacts with small objects and exhibits its wave characteristics. Introductory physics ii electricity, magnetism and optics by robertg. In this course we will cover the topics waves, sound, and optics. Or aan imaginary surface passing through particles oscillating with same phase is known as. The purpose of this laboratory is to study the phenomena of diffraction and interference. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual. Sep 16, 2015 this is the official national open university noun ecourseware school of science and technology nou. You will use this property to calculate properties of light. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties polarization focal lengths geometrical optics i. Geometrical optics can be treated as the limiting case of wave optics when size of obstacle is very much large as compared to wavelength of light under such conditions the wave nature of light can be ignored and light can be assumed to be travelling in straight line rectilinear propagation.
Fundamentals of physics, ii phys 201 geometric optics is discussed as an approximation to wave theory when the wavelength is. We have a preference not to introduce geometrical optics after maxwells equations. This lab will demonstrate the wave nature of light. When the disturbed medium is physical matter liquid, gas, solid it is called a. The distance between successive wave fronts is the wavelength. This course is one of several courses designed for algebra based ap physics 1.
The lecture and laboratory exercises pertain to mechanics, fluids, heat and thermodynamics, wave motion, sound, electricity, and magnetism, geometric and physical optics, and an introduction to modern physics. Thus, we find it useful to picture waves and wave motion in terms of simple water. While we cannot see these extremely rapid oscillations, their wave behavior is similar to that of water waves. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays.
This curriculum was developed for a seniorlevel optics course at brigham young university. Geometrical optics please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going a3a4 and using back to back on the photocopier. Lab 3 hrs this course is a continuation of the engineering physics laboratory sequence. Learn about some of the mysterious properties of light in these tutorials.
The videos and resources will include lectures, demonstrations, and plenty of worked out example problems with high school physics curriculum and the ap physics 1 curriculum in mind. Sanjay goupta national open university of nigeria dr. Characteristics of light light waves are electromagnetic waves, whose nature is transverse. Phy 124 geometric and wave optics 62 the wavelength of red light in air is 750 x 109 m the longest wavelength and violet light has a wavelength in air 450 x 109 m the shortest wavelength. In fact, the full description of light as a wave can be rather cumbersome. This bending of a ray of light is called refraction as shown in fig. But when size of obstacle or opening is comparable. It deals with lenses, mirrors, phenomenon of total internal reflection, formation of rainbows, etc etc. It is an experimental fact that light propagates as mutually perpendicular fluctuating electric and magnetic fields according to the mechanism of propogation of transeverse waves. When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror the image is.
The questions are about reflection, refraction, critical angle, lenses, reflectors, light rays propagating through different mediums, refractive index of materials, etc. Find the location of the image by a numerical calculation. Archimedes and other ancient greek thinkers made original contributions but we mention here heron of alexandria c. Commercial, financial purposes other than educational. Phy 431 optics course syllabus michigan state university. Geometric and wave optics is to introduce the principles of geometric and wave optics and so make use. However, if the objects in question are much larger than the wavelength of the light being studied, then the light exhibits much simpler behavior.
Geometry and the nature of light iop concise physics john beaver. Geometrical optics describes light propagation in terms of rays, which is. Nature of light, geometrical optics, optical instrumentation, dispersion, prisms, and aberrations, wave equations, em waves, polarization, fresnel equations, production of polarized light, superposition of waves interference of light, coherence, fraunhofer diffraction, fourier optics, characteristics. Ray optics is based on rectilinear propagation of light, and deals with mirrors, lenses, reflection, refraction, etc. Bungy jumping is an increasingly popular sport, with a growing clientele of. Ray pq is refracted to give ray qf while ray pc, as usual, is undeflected. This wave characteristic is most prominent when the wave interacts with an object that is not large compared with the wavelength. Geometric and wave optics are two different ways of looking at the phenomenon of light propogation. The nature of waves summary the physics hypertextbook. Interference is observed for water waves, sound waves, light waves, and as we will see inspecial relativity for matter waves, such as electrons scattered from a crystal. Physics of light and optics justin peatross michael ware brigham young university august 14, 2008.
The branch of optics that considers the behavior of light when it exhibits wave characteristics particularly when it interacts with small objects is. Wave optics wave front the wave front at any instant is defined as the locus of all the particles of the medium which are in the same state of vibration. Newtons laws of motion allen physics particle kinematics allen physics practical physics allen physics rotational motion allen physics temperature scales allen physics wave theory allen physics work energy allen physics this website is created solely for jee aspirants to download pdf, ebooks, study materials for free. What is the difference between physical optics and geometric. Mar 11, 2020 the open university is a public distance learning and research university, and one of the biggest universities that were first established in the uk for undergraduate education but now, all the open university in the world has gone ahead to offer postgraduate courses. Photometry is a branch measurement of light energy.
Pedrotti cord waco, texas in module, basic geometrical optics, we made use of light rays to demonstrate reflection and refraction of light and the imaging of light with mirrors and lenses. Lect 3 hrs, lab 3 hrs this is the second course of a twosemester applied physics course covering the essentials of electricity and magnetism, and selected topics from fluid mechanics, wave theory and optics. These include interference in thin films and air wedge, newtons rings, and laws ad application of polarization. Although metamaterials are surely not the answer to all engineering problems, they have inspired a series of significant technological developments and also some imaginative research, because they invite. You will recall that when a light ray travels through a transparent surface i. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. Electromagnetism and optics a complete set of lecture notes for a lowerdivision undergraduate electromagnetism and optics course. Reflection, refraction and images there are two parts to this lab that can be done in either order. Physical optics is also the name of an approximation commonly used in optics, electrical engineering and applied physics.
Electricity, magnetism and optics department of physics. I hope to emphasize that the physics of standing waves is the same. This module provides an introduction to geometrical optics. When light interacts with smaller objects, it has very prominent wave characteristics, such as constructive and destructive interference. Because light is a wave, the superposition principle is valid to determine the constructive and destructive interferences for light waves. Welcome to the national open university of nigerias ecourseware. Then you come to the chapter on wave optics, and you are told that light travels as a wave, that it can bend around objects, it can diffract and interfere, etc. Phy 124 course guide ii phy 124 geometric and wave optics course developerswriters dr. When the disturbed medium is physical matter liquid, gas, solid it is called a mechanical wave. Wave theory of light by huygens, fresnel, young, etc in geometric optics we learnt light is a stream of straightgoing particles newton proposed that first then we learnt light is a form of em wave. In this context, it is an intermediate method between geometric optics, which ignores wave effects, and full wave electromagnetism, which is a precise theory. Main text of phy 124 corrected national open university.
Preface this book provides an introduction to the eld of optics from a physics perspective. With maxwells theory, the student is introduced to the wave nature of one component of matter, namely light. The laboratory sessions of physics 124 are designed to help you become more. Geometrical optics for over 100 years, from the time of newton and huygens in the late 1600s, until 1801 when thomas young demonstrated the wave nature of light with his two slit experiment, it was not clear whether light consisted of beams of particles as proposed by newton, or was a wave phenomenon as put forward by huygens. A ray diagram for an object kept between f and the lens.
In part i you will study the laws of reflection and refraction, measure the index of refraction of glass and observe dispersion. In our phy 124 geometric and wave optics course, you have studied about refraction in unit 3. Geometrical optics is an interesting subject full of wonderful applications, a subject that can appear anywhere in an introductory physics course. The course continues to develop professional laboratory technique through experiments on selected topics in geometric optics, physical optics and modern physics. Geometric optics introduction optics is the study of the way light interacts with other objects. We will instead spend most of this book making use of a simpler model of light, the ray model, which does a fine job in most practical situations. Geometric optics problems and solutions in university. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 9 ray optics and. These questions may be used to practice for the sat physics test. Lenses thick and thin, mirrors, prisms and other passive optical elements and systems. Geometrical optics does not account for certain optical effects such as diffraction and. The ecourseware is part of noun contributions towards open educational resource oer initiative. The disturbance moves, or propagates, through a medium and causes points in the medium to vibrate. The wave packet picture of photons introduced in section 5 of chapter 19 is compatible with treating light as a collection of particlelike photons that follow the rules of geometric optics only as long as the.
Draw a diagram to show how light waves travel along an optical fibre. In our discussions of geometric optics we completely ignored the fact that light can also behave as an electromagnetic wave. This is a twosemester course for students in science and engineering. Understanding how light rays can be manipulated allows us to create better contact lenses, fiber optic cables, and high powered telescopes. Optics notes massachusetts institute of technology. In part i, you will observe the diffraction of light by a human hair similar to the diffraction on a narrow slit, and in part ii, both interference and diffraction of light by various types of slit arrangements. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 9 ray optics and optical instruments light light is a form of energy eyes. With wave opticscommonly referred to as physical opticswe are able to. Lecture notes optics pdf 57p this note covers the following topics. Physics of waves and wave motion wave optics treats light as a series of propagating electric and magnetic field oscillations.
Topics covered include electric fields, gauss law, electric potential, capacitance, electric current, magnetism, magnetic induction, inductance, electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, paraxial optics, and wave optics. Authored by a highly regarded international researcher and pioneer in the field, an introduction to quantum optics. But we had learnt all waves have common characteristic properties such as. This bending of a ray of light is called refraction as shown in. Knowing this, however, is not the same as knowing everything about eyes and telescopes. Computer science march 20 100 level course course titles units status code 1st semester gst 101 use of english and communication skill i 2 c gst 107 the good study guide 2 c cit 101 computers in society 2 c cit 143 introduction to data organisation and 2 c management mth 3 trigonometry 2 c mth 121 linear algebra i 2 c phy 111 elementary mechanics 2 c phy.
The frequency stays the same as the wave travels from one medium to. Geometrical optics and physical optics african virtual university. As the wave propagates, let us assume in the positive x direction, any point on the wave pattern is displaced by dx in a time dt see figure 1. You must complete all of the labs to pass physics 124. Wave properties in general there are two types of waves. Geometric and wave optics by introduce the basic principles of geometric and wave optics and appreciate the usefulness of these principles to make our life simpler and convenient. Workshop tutorials for biological and environmental physics wr1b. Now for physical systems we are interested in just the real part so. Damped oscillations when the object is allowed to oscillate in air it takes a long time to stop, and the amplitude decreases very slowly. Reflection at plane surfaces, reflection at curved surfaces, refraction at plane surface file type. Optics questions with solutions and explanations at the bottom of the page. Waves propagate with a finite speed sometimes called the wave speed that depends upon the type of wave, the composition of the medium, and. Geometrical optics optics physics experiments physics.
Concepts of calculus are introduced and used when necessary. In this case, the wavelike properties of light become insignificant as the objects we deal with are very huge as compared to the wavelength of light. Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of visible light and other electromagnetic waves. Geometrical versus physical optics thursday, 972006. Brown duke university physics department durham, nc 277080305. Sep 28, 2008 geometric and wave optics are two different ways of looking at the phenomenon of light propogation. In this module, we shift the emphasis from light rays to light waves from geometrical optics to physical optics. Longitudal waves are those in which the displacement of the mediumor eld is in the direction of the wave. Traveling waves appear only after a thorough exploration of onedimensional standing waves. Show that when light reflects from two mirrors that meet each other at a right angle, the outgoing ray is parallel to.
When light interacts with an object that is several times as large as the lights wavelength, its observable behavior is like that of a ray. The ray in geometric optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances. It is necessary that you are familiar with euclidean geometry, calculus with complex numbers, taylor series approximation. May 29, 2015 geometric optics is when we treat light as a single beam a ray and study the properties. Pinhole camera wave optics geometric 12 fermats principle light propagating between two points follows a path, or paths, for which the time taken is an extremum minimum ignoring the wave nature of light basic theory for optical instruments geometrical optics revision geometric. But, in physical optics, we consider the wave like. Interference in light waves is not easy to observe because the wavelengths are so short.
Light waves can be bent and reflected to form new and sometimes altered images. Pdf download cengage physics books for free the jee world. According to wave theory of light, the light is a form of energy which travels through a medium in the form of transverse wave motion. National open university noun ecourseware school of science. Photon and biphoton physics is a straightforward overview of basic principles. A collection of electronic material related to the text is available atoptics. Phy 183a or phy 184 or phy 184b or phy 234b or phy 294h introductory physics phy 192 physics laboratory phy 215 or phy 215b thermodynamics and modern physics completion of tier i writing requirement. I hope that this post will help you in your studies. These are but a few of the questions that are answered by the study of optics.
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